Engineers can use AI/ML to reduce test development time, analyze test data from manufacturing, automate visual inspection and calibration, and identify counterfeit components. Here's how some do it. Testing takes too much time; just ask any … [Read More...] about Engineers use AI/ML to improve test
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How to determine noise figure: part 4 -
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Engineers use AI/ML to improve test
Engineers can use AI/ML to reduce test development time, analyze test data from manufacturing, automate visual inspection and calibration, and identify counterfeit components. Here's how some do it. Testing takes too much time; just ask any engineering or production manager. Shortening … [Read More...] about Engineers use AI/ML to improve test
How to determine noise figure: part 4
Two incompatible definitions of noise factor can lead to confusion, which you can alleviate by understanding where the differences lie. In part 3 of this series, we discussed an equivalent noise temperature TE and corresponding noise factor FSTD as defined in an IEEE standard. Then we described … [Read More...] about How to determine noise figure: part 4
How to determine noise figure: part 3
Noise factor and noise figure as defined in an IEEE standard can be derived from a two-port device’s equivalent noise temperature. In part 1 and part 2 of this series we discussed several ways to indicate the noise performance of a device under test (DUT). We first introduced the concept of … [Read More...] about How to determine noise figure: part 3
How to determine noise figure: part 2
The relationship between noise and temperature prompted a precursor of the IEEE to promulgate an alternative definition of noise figure in 1959. In part 1 of this series, we described the work of the Danish-American radio engineer Harald Friis, who described noise factor F of a device or … [Read More...] about How to determine noise figure: part 2
What information does an eye diagram depict?
An eye diagram is a powerful visualization tool in digital communications and high-speed electronics to assess signal quality and channel performance. This FAQ will briefly explain an eye diagram and the overall and specific metrics engineers should know to understand an eye diagram. When … [Read More...] about What information does an eye diagram depict?
How to determine noise figure: part 1
A noise figure consolidates the effects of various noise types to provide a single specification for the noise performance of a component or system. In electronic circuits and systems, noise is an undesirable, inevitable disturbance in currents and voltages. Noise has many underlying fundamental … [Read More...] about How to determine noise figure: part 1
How to interpret a QAM display: part 3
Error vector magnitude characterizes actual QAM signals’ deviations from their ideal locations due to nonlinearity and phase noise. In part 1 of this series, we discussed quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), which results from summing orthogonal amplitude-modulated cosine and sine waves of the … [Read More...] about How to interpret a QAM display: part 3
How to interpret a QAM display: part 2
Sixteen unique 16-QAM symbols can each convey a unique 4-bit sequence. In part 1 of this series, we discussed quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), which results from summing amplitude-modulated cosine and sine waves of the same frequency. We also looked at the constellation diagram, which a … [Read More...] about How to interpret a QAM display: part 2
How to interpret a QAM display: part 1
A constellation diagram plots a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal’s in-phase and quadrature components. The EE World article "Should I use a spectrum, signal, or vector network analyzer?" in part 3 mentioned that vector-signal analyzers (VSAs) can display modulation-domain and … [Read More...] about How to interpret a QAM display: part 1
Verify, test, and troubleshoot 5G Wi-Fi FWA gateways
By Xiang Li, Keysight Technologies Follow these three steps to ensure your fixed-wireless access designs will be compatible with the Wi-Fi fronthaul and 5G backhaul. Many areas lack the wired infrastructure to bring residential broadband access. Making those connections has become costly and … [Read More...] about Verify, test, and troubleshoot 5G Wi-Fi FWA gateways
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What is the importance of resolution in an oscilloscope?
When looking at the oscilloscope feature of a multi-instrument device or when comparing two benchtop oscilloscopes, the first specifications that we look at are the bandwidth and sample rate. While these are incredibly important specs, often most design work is done well within the limits of most products and the more critical specification to consider is resolution. Did you know that while most […]