PAM4 modulation boosts throughput but adds test challenges. Part 1 of this two-part series described the evolution of the PCI Express (PCIe) standard, including the move from non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling in PCIe 5 to four-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM4) signaling in PCIe 6. What unique test challenges does PCIe 6 present? As mentioned in Part 1, […]
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What are insertion loss and return loss and how can I measure them?
These basic RF measurements often uncover system problems in wired and wireless communications. If you observe a signal traveling from a source to a load through a passive system of some sort, you will notice that the signal attenuates by the time it reaches the load, and you will also notice that some of the […]
Software tests PCIe 6.0 on high-end oscilloscope
Teledyne LeCroy has released a beta version of software for automating serial-data analysis on PAM4 signals. Engineers can request a copy. By using PAM4 modulation, PCIe 6.0 doubles data rates to 64 GT/sec (256 Gb/sec when using an x16 configuration). The “secret sauce” in the doubling comes from PAM4, which puts four voltage levels in […]
Scopes feature 12-bit digitizing, 10x oversampling
The HDO4000A, HDO6000A, HDO8000A, and MDA800A analog and mixed-signal oscilloscopes range from 200 MHz – 1 GHz bandwidth and utilize 12-bit HD4096 technology. This technology arrived in 2012 and remains unique. Developed by Teledyne LeCroy, the HDO-A oscilloscopes feature Enhanced Sample Rate technology that automatically ensures optimal display of acquired waveforms to the instruments’ full […]
Gesture-controlled scope boasts 32-Mpt memory, 10 GS/sec, advanced debug tools
The WaveSurfer 510 oscilloscope provides 1 GHz bandwidth and 10 GS/sec sample rate simultaneously on all four channels. Developed by Teledyne LeCroy, the scope combines the MAUI with OneTouch user interface with powerful waveform processing, in addition to advanced math, measurement, and debug tools, to analyze and find the root cause of problems. The 12.1-in. […]
Teledyne LeCroy targets connected car development at Detroit auto tech center
Test instrument maker Teledyne LeCroy is opening a new Automotive Technology Center in Farmington Hills, Mich. The company is also creating a special Automotive Solutions Group said to have core competencies aimed at helping companies advance the development and use of a wide range of technologies within the connected car. The Teledyne LeCroy Automotive Solutions […]
