PAM4 modulation boosts throughput but adds test challenges. Part 1 of this two-part series described the evolution of the PCI Express (PCIe) standard, including the move from non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling in PCIe 5 to four-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM4) signaling in PCIe 6. What unique test challenges does PCIe 6 present? As mentioned in Part 1, […]
Digital Oscilloscope
What is PCIe gen 6 and how do I test it? Part 1
PAM4 modulation boosts throughput but adds test challenges. The Peripheral Component Interface (PCI) emerged in the 1990s as a parallel bus for connecting computer mainboards and peripheral devices. In 2003, a serial version called PCI Express (PCIe) debuted, with generation 1 offering a transfer rate of 2.5 GT/s. Over the past 20 years, successive generations […]
Automate double-pulse testing in WBG devices
By automating double-pulse testing of wide bandgap devices such as SiC and GaN power devices, you can cut setup and analysis time. The need to reduce carbon emissions drives investments in electrical technologies, particularly in data centers and electric vehicles. In its most recent Elective Vehicle Outlook report, Bloomberg estimates a 27% increase in global […]
Software tests PCIe 6.0 on high-end oscilloscope
Teledyne LeCroy has released a beta version of software for automating serial-data analysis on PAM4 signals. Engineers can request a copy. By using PAM4 modulation, PCIe 6.0 doubles data rates to 64 GT/sec (256 Gb/sec when using an x16 configuration). The “secret sauce” in the doubling comes from PAM4, which puts four voltage levels in […]
New oscilloscopes feature super-fast 4.5 M acquisitions/sec update rate
The new R&S MXO 4 series oscilloscopes feature the world’s fastest real-time update rate of over 4.5 million acquisitions per second. Development engineers can now see more signal detail and infrequent events than with any other oscilloscope. The 12-bit ADC in the R&S MXO 4 series has 16 times the resolution of traditional 8-bit oscilloscopes at […]
New 12-bit high-def oscilloscopes target high-speed signal integrity applications
The HDO Series of High Definition Oscilloscopes feature true 12-bit resolution and are available in 70 MHz – 800 MHz bandwidths and two or four channels. The HDO Series is powered by the new UltraVision III platform featuring a custom ASIC chipset, which also provides for dramatically lower front-end noise. The higher resolution and lower […]
High-def 12-bit scopes target high-speed signal integrity needs
The HDO Series of High Definition Oscilloscopes features true 12-bit resolution and are available in 70 MHz – 800 MHz bandwidths and two or four channels. The HDO Series is powered by the new UltraVision III platform featuring a custom ASIC chipset, which also provides for dramatically lower front-end noise. The higher resolution and lower […]
Scope features automotive diagnostic presets package, 32 Mpt memory, 1 GSa/sec sampling
The Micsig SATO1004 Automotive Tablet Oscilloscope features four channels, a bandwidth of 100 MHz, an easy-use touchscreen operation and a comprehensive set of vehicle diagnostics. With its signal sample rate of 1 GSa/sec, the SATO1004 is a powerful, professional, and affordable vehicle testing tool for evaluating systems such as: ABS, Accelerator Pedal, Throttle Position, Fuel […]
Battery-powered portable oscilloscopes sport 280Mpts memory, 2 GSa/sec sampling, up to 270,000 wfm/sec refresh rate
The Micsig STO2000C Series two-channel Portable Oscilloscopes offer a bandwidth choice of 200 or 300 MHz, a huge 280 Mpts of memory, fast 2 GSa/sec sampling rate (single channel), up to 270,000 wfm/sec refresh rate, and a 7.5-Ah Li battery for extended field use. This innovative portable instrument combines a capacitive 8-in TFT LCD touch […]
Debugging digital and analog signals with cross-domain analysis
Multi-domain signal analysis is blurring the line between real-time oscilloscopes and real-time spectrum and signal analyzers. Fernando Gomez, Tektronix Inc. Multi-domain signal analysis is enabled by advanced oscilloscope features such as 12-bit ADC, digital down conversion (DDC), and flexible channel inputs where each can be either analog or digital. As Signal Integrity (SI) and Power […]