Electrical power moves through a conductor when opposing dc or ac voltages are applied at opposite ends. Charge carriers — free electrons or electron holes in semiconductors, ions in electrolytes – migrate toward the opposite poles. Metals, with abundant free electrons, have high conductivity. All conductors are partial insulators and all insulators are, to some […]
The difference between metal conductors and waveguides
Manufacturers of instrumentation are striving to satisfy the demands of modern electronics which continuously require greater bandwidth. There has been a growing tendency to incorporate waveguides, ranging from extremely small units soldered into printed circuits, to larger devices mounted in enclosures. The natural question that arises is how waveguides differ from ordinary wiring, and why […]
5G conformance toolset gains GCF approval for 5G NR NSA mobile device certification
Keysight Technologies Inc. says it has gained Global Certification Forum (GCF) approval for 5G New Radio (NR) Non-Standalone (NSA) test cases, enabling the mobile ecosystem to accelerate protocol and radio frequency (RF) device certification. Keysight’s 5G Conformance Toolset, which supports both Protocol and RF/RRM, got GCF approval on January 16, 2019 at the recent Conformance […]
World-first GCF validation for 5G NR protocol conformance tests
The Global Certification Forum (GCF) has approved the world’s first 5G NR Protocol Conformance tests on the Anritsu 5G NR Mobile Device Test Platform ME7834NR at its January 2019 CAG57 meeting. The 3GPP TS 38.523-defined 5G tests have been validated on multiple millimeter wave (mmWave) (FR2) frequency bands. The ME7834NR is registered with both the […]
The difference between histograms and spectrograms
Despite their similar names, histograms and spectrograms are totally different ways of displaying a signal or function in a digital storage oscilloscope (DSO). Both are useful in organizing and analyzing electrical waveforms, but the type of information that is displayed and the conclusions that may be drawn from them are worlds apart. Histograms and spectrograms […]
Difference between synchronous and asynchronous (induction) motors
All rotary electric motors, ac and dc, operate because of the interaction of two magnetic fields. One is stationary and is (usually) associated with the motor’s outer enclosure. The other rotates and is associated with the motor’s spinning armature (also called its rotor). Rotation is caused by the interaction between the two fields. In a […]
Exploring the difference between a digital oscilloscope and a spectrum analyzer
Traditionally, only the spectrum analyzer was capable of displaying electrical and electromagnetic signals in the frequency domain and the oscilloscope took control of the time domain. More recently, each instrument has become competent in the other’s territory. But this overlapping tendency is far from absolute. Oscilloscopes, working in the Math>FFT mode, have always had a […]
Analog and digital modulation and modulation measurements
In amplitude modulation (AM), the amplitude of a carrier wave whose frequency remains constant changes in response to the modulating signal. In frequency modulation (FM), it is the frequency of the carrier that varies with the amplitude of the modulating signal. The carrier frequency deviates more when the modulating signal amplitude is higher. There are […]
Three-phase testing basics – Mitigating harmonic current
An electrical conductor warms up when it conveys current. If the heat is high enough the conductor can be damaged, so it is beneficial to limit current flow. Three-phase electrical distribution systems are highly effective in limiting current flow without reducing the amount of power delivered to the load. They do this by separating phases […]
Radio comm test station, mobile smartphone form-factor test device complete 5G SA connection testing
5G Standalone (SA) connection testing has successfully taken place between Anritsu’s Radio Communication Test Station MT8000A and a mobile smartphone form-factor test device from Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., a subsidiary of Qualcomm Inc. The tests included Anritsu’s 5G modem and antenna modules with integrated RF transceiver, RF front-end and antenna elements. This latest milestone follows previous […]
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